Theoretical Basis of an Environmental Strategy for a Modular Manufacturing Building

Modularity and Flexibility in Environmental Systems

The design approach of mounting most mechanical and electrical (M&E) equipment at roof level and on external facades underscores the principle of modularity and flexible infrastructure design (Kibert, 2016). Prefabricated M&E modules that can be relocated or reconfigured support a dynamic manufacturing environment where spatial functions and equipment needs evolve over time (Brand, 1994). This flexibility aligns with sustainable building paradigms advocating adaptability and reuse over demolition and replacement, reducing embodied energy and material waste (Gorgolewski, 2008). By fixing ducts and pipes externally, the internal space remains unencumbered, enhancing the clear volumes required for manufacturing workflows and facilitating easy maintenance access without disrupting operations (Allen and Iano, 2019). The facade docking pads for M&E modules integrate service infrastructure with the architectural envelope, creating a service-oriented facade system that supports future reconfiguration (Ching, 2014).

Zoned Environmental Control for Energy Efficiency

Dividing the building into 12 discrete environmental zones (three per floor, four floors) demonstrates a zoning strategy to optimize HVAC performance based on occupancy and process needs (Wong et al., 2005). Zoned environmental control systems allow for tailored ventilation rates, heating, and cooling setpoints that reduce unnecessary conditioning of unoccupied or lightly used spaces, thereby lowering operational energy consumption (ASHRAE, 2019). Option 3’s provision for natural cross-ventilation during mild seasons exemplifies a mixed-mode ventilation strategy, combining mechanical and natural ventilation to optimize thermal comfort and air quality while minimizing energy use (Heiselberg et al., 2009). This approach leverages the temperate climate’s potential, reducing mechanical system loads during spring and autumn transitional periods (Nicol and Humphreys, 2010).

Prefabrication and Off-Site Assembly for Environmental Impact Reduction

Prefabrication of M&E modules and structural components, along with off-site assembly, contributes to resource-efficient construction by minimizing on-site waste, reducing transport impacts, and limiting disturbance to the urban context (Blismas and Wakefield, 2009). Prefabricated components facilitate quality control, reduce construction time, and support future disassembly and reuse, integral to circular economy principles (Pomponi and Moncaster, 2017). The integration of lifting platforms and gantry cranes for large equipment at upper levels reflects design for maintainability and serviceability, essential for sustaining building performance and reducing lifecycle impacts (Kibert, 2016).

Clear Volumes and Service Segregation

Locating air-handling units and chillers in separate modules at roof level and mounting package units on building sides with internal duct runs avoids service cores penetrating floor slabs, maintaining clear, flexible internal volumes critical for light manufacturing tasks (Neufert and Neufert, 2012). This spatial clarity supports various configurations of machinery and workflows, responding to evolving startup manufacturing needs. Moreover, this separation aids thermal zoning and simplifies maintenance logistics, further improving system efficiency and reducing downtime (Allen and Iano, 2019).

Integration of Daylighting and Spatial Extensions

Glazed rooflights and cantilevered volumes for office and meeting spaces exemplify an environmental design approach integrating natural daylight to non-manufacturing zones, enhancing occupant well-being and reducing artificial lighting loads (Heschong, 2002). Projecting these volumes without compromising manufacturing floor space maximizes site utility and supports sustainable transport circulation by allowing vehicle access beneath (Gehl, 2011). This strategy aligns with biophilic design principles, promoting daylight, views, and connection to outdoor environments, shown to improve cognitive function and productivity (Kellert et al., 2008).

Vehicle and Service Access Coordination

The provision of service doors around gantry tracks, retractable platforms, and clear ground-level vehicle circulation facilitates efficient material handling and maintenance, reducing operational delays and environmental impacts from idling vehicles and equipment (Gibson, 2005). Segregated pedestrian and vehicular circulation enhance safety and user experience, critical in mixed-use urban industrial settings (Gehl, 2011).

References

Allen, E. and Iano, J. (2019) Fundamentals of Building Construction: Materials and Methods. 7th ed. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

ASHRAE (2019) ASHRAE Handbook – HVAC Systems and Equipment. Atlanta, GA: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers.

Blismas, N. and Wakefield, R. (2009) ‘Drivers, Constraints and the Future of Offsite Manufacture in Australia,’ Construction Innovation, 9(1), pp. 72-83.

Brand, S. (1994) How Buildings Learn: What Happens After They’re Built. New York: Viking.

Ching, F.D.K. (2014) Architecture: Form, Space, and Order. 4th ed. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

Gehl, J. (2011) Life Between Buildings: Using Public Space. Washington, DC: Island Press.

Gibson, V. (2005) ‘Integration and Resource Sharing in Mixed-Use Developments,’ Journal of Urban Planning and Development, 131(3), pp. 134-142.

Gorgolewski, M. (2008) ‘The Design of Flexible Building Services for Adaptable Buildings,’ Architectural Science Review, 51(1), pp. 81-88.

Heiselberg, P., et al. (2009) ‘Application of Ventilation Concepts in Buildings: A Review,’ Energy and Buildings, 41(10), pp. 1233-1243.

Heschong, L. (2002) Daylighting in Schools: An Investigation into the Relationship Between Daylighting and Human Performance. Fair Oaks, CA: Heschong Mahone Group.

Kellert, S.R., Heerwagen, J.H. and Mador, M.L. (2008) Biophilic Design: The Theory, Science, and Practice of Bringing Buildings to Life. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

Kibert, C.J. (2016) Sustainable Construction: Green Building Design and Delivery. 4th ed. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

Neufert, E. and Neufert, P. (2012) Architects’ Data. 4th ed. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.

Nicol, J.F. and Humphreys, M.A. (2010) ‘Adaptive Thermal Comfort and Sustainable Thermal Standards for Buildings,’ Energy and Buildings, 42(6), pp. 735-742.

Pomponi, F. and Moncaster, A. (2017) ‘Circular Economy for the Built Environment: A Research Framework,’ Journal of Cleaner Production, 143, pp. 710-718.

Wong, S.L., Mui, K.W., Zhou, X. and Lai, J.C.L. (2005) ‘Energy saving potential of using natural ventilation in office buildings,’ Building and Environment, 40(3), pp. 383-391.